This article, prepared by Cornell University with support from FANTA, examines the relationship between changes in child and under-5 mortality rates in developing countries in the preceding two or three decades and changes in the general nutritional status of children during the same period. The authors used population-level (rather than child-level) estimates of mortality and malnutrition, examined dynamic relationships (changes in malnutrition and changes in mortality), and used a much larger dataset of developing countries. The authors concluded that gaps in coverage of selected child survival interventions were more likely and more serious in the more malnourished populations and that continued reductions in mortality rates require improved targeting of selected interventions and general nutritional improvements to the most marginal populations.